To find out how you can help Nature Canada protect at least 30% of the world’s lands and ocean by 2030, visit https://www.naturecanada.ca/?utm_source=MinuteEarth. A technology to ignore birds on radar ended up being useful to study and conserve them. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Radar aeroecology - the use of radar to study airborne life, like birds, bats, and bugs Radar ornithology - the use of radar to study birds, especially bird migration Dual-polarization radar - radar that transmits and receives waves in both a horizontal and vertical orientation, giving a better idea of a target’s size, shape, and variety. Doppler effect - a change in a wave’s frequency in relation to whatever is observing it, such as a radar, but also your ears (it’s the reason a sound like an ambulance siren changes as it gets closer or further away from you). SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our p

Thank you to HelloFresh for sponsoring this video! Use code EARTH14 for up to 14 FREE MEALS across your first 5 HelloFresh boxes plus free shipping at https://bit.ly/3vvSdyo Trying to ripen some fruits on your kitchen counter is totally fruitless - here's why. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: climacteric: a pattern of fruit ripening associated with increased ethylene production and a rise in cellular respiration (meaning that the fruit can ripen off the plant) nonclimacteric: ripening that is not characterized by a peak of ethylene production or respiration (and must happen on the plant) SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Adam Thompson | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation N

Get your butt-, er, book here: https://www.minuteearth.com/books/ Hyenas communicate via an information-dense physical medium (hyena butter) - and now MinuteEarth does too (book). SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Kate Yoshida | Script Writer and Narrator David Goldenberg | Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OTHER CREDITS ***************** Hyena audio clips by Dr. Kenna Lehmann OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https:

Here’s how mountains control the weather. #shorts ⬇️ PREORDER OUR FIRST BOOK (out October 12th) ⬇️ DFTBA (get SUPER-cool book bundles here!): https://store.dftba.com/collections/minuteearth Amazon - http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthExplains Bookshop.org - http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthexplains Barnes and Noble - http://bit.ly/Minuteearthexplains Indigo (Canada)- http://bit.ly/MinuteearthExplains SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Julián Gustavo Gómez (@TheJulianGomez) | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Ever Salazar (@eversalazar) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Aldo de Vos, Know Art | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich •

Offset your carbon footprint with Wren! They'll plant 10 extra trees for each of the first 100 people who sign up at https://www.wren.co/start/minuteearth. The current hurricane category scale doesn’t accurately convey the danger of a storm, because it doesn’t account for a hurricane's most destructive factors. ⬇️ PREORDER OUR FIRST BOOK (out October 12th) ⬇️ DTFBA (get SUPER-cool book bundles here!): https://store.dftba.com/collections/minuteearth Amazon - http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthExplains Bookshop.org - http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthexplains Barnes and Noble - http://bit.ly/Minuteearthexplains Indigo (Canada)- http://bit.ly/MinuteearthExplains LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Storm surge: a sea level rise caused by strong winds pushing the water and a change in atmospheric pressure of a storm. Hurricane: a tropical cyclone occurring in the Atlantic Ocean or northeastern Pacific Ocean Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale: the current scale used t

Check out the heroes who saved the ozone layer at https://futureoflife.org/future-of-life-award/ Lots of global problems seem intractable, but there’s a formula for success that we can follow. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Ozone layer: A thin layer of ozone concentrated in the Earth’s stratosphere roughly 10 kilometers above that absorbs most of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation before it hits the Earth’s surface. Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays of energy that come from the sun that can be harmful to humans and other lifeforms. Chlorofluorocarbons: Also known as CFCs, these long man-made molecules used to be widely used refrigerants and solvents before it was discovered that - when exposed to ultraviolet radiation - their chlorine atoms would break off and combine with ozone molecules. Smallpox: A virus that killed more than half a billion humans before being eradicated in 1980. Disease Surveillance: A practice by which disease progre

Watch the new season of MinuteBody - and get access to both CuriosityStream and Nebula - at https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth. People all around the world tend to represent time via space, but there’s no consensus on which way time goes. PREORDER OUR FIRST BOOK (out October 12th): DTFBA (get SUPER-cool book bundles here!): https://store.dftba.com/collections/minuteearth Amazon - http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthExplains Bookshop.org - http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthexplains Barnes and Noble - http://bit.ly/Minuteearthexplains Indigo (Canada)- http://bit.ly/MinuteearthExplains SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah Berman (@sarahjberman) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios L

We're making hurricanes stronger. Here's how. #shorts #sponsored Sign the petition to urge the US Congress to support localized renewable energy solutions: https://go.acespace.org/page/86439/petition/1?utm_medium=infl&utm_source=youtube_social_inf&utm_campaign=infl&ea.tracking.id=youtube-social-inf&en_txn7=INF224199070 SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Josh Taira | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Ever Salazar | Sound Mixing Aldo de Vos, Know Art | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR

Opossums and possums are awesome. Here’s how to tell the difference. #shorts SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Josh Taira | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Ever Salazar | Sound Mixing Aldo de Vos, Know Art | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Websit

Offset your carbon footprint with Wren! They'll plant 10 extra trees for each of the first 100 people who sign up at https://www.wren.co/start/minuteearth. Because smaller animals have to eat more relative to their bodyweight, Tolkein’s hobbits need to eat a lot - not for comfort, but for survival. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Metabolism: The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. Square-cube Law: A mathematical principle which describes the relationship between the volume and the surface area as a shape's size increases or decreases. Kleiber’s Law: The observation that, for the vast majority of animals, an animal's metabolic rate scales to the 3⁄4 power of the animal's mass. Calorie: Unit of energy. One food calorie equals 1 kilocalorie. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this v

Watch the new season of MinuteBody - and get access to both CuriosityStream and Nebula - at http://www.curiositystream.com/minuteearth. Sharks wouldn’t be known for their fierce teeth today if it weren’t for their ancient scales. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Dermal denticles: also called placoid scales, they’re the most primitive form of fish scales that are structurally similar to teeth and are today found only in sharks, rays, and chimaeras. Outside-in theory: The strongest theory for the evolution of teeth, which are thought to have evolved from dermal denticle scales. Ostracoderms: Extinct armored jawless fish that lived in the Paleozoic Era Thelodonts: Extinct jawless fish that had individual scales as opposed to plates of armor Placoderms: Now extinct, they were some of the first jawed fish and lived from the Silurian through the Devonian era. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!:

For your chance to win two seats on one of the first commercial flights to space with Virgin Galactic – all while supporting a great cause – enter at https://omaze.com/minuteearth. While the rest of the world’s megafauna are still foundering in the anthropocene era, these two big animals have used little animal strategies to bounce back. Way back. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Megafauna: Large animals, usually over 45 Kgs. - Anthropocene era: A proposed time period delineated the age during which human activity has been the dominant force on the environment and the climate. - Holocene Extinction: An ongoing extinction event of species due to human activity. - Fertility Rate: The number of babies an organism has in its lifetime. - Omnivory: The ability to eat food from two different trophic levels. - Bubble-Net Feeding: A cooperative hunting technique where groups of whales use bubbles to disorient fish prey. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ******

Start speaking a new language in 3 weeks with Babbel 🎉. Get up to 65% OFF ➡️ Here: https://go.babbel.com/12m65-youtube-minuteearth-july-2021/default It’s not just how much you take in; it’s how fast your body can purge it. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Poison: A substance that is capable of causing illness or death when introduced or absorbed. Overdose: A dangerously large dose of a substance. Biotransformation: The process by which foreign chemicals are transformed by the body into less toxic substances. Polydipsia: The medical term for feelings of extreme thirst that can lead to hyponatremia. Hyponatremia: Abnormally low sodium in the blood often caused by excessive water consumption. Lethal Concentration - The concentration a substance needs to be in the bloodstream to kill 50% of subjects. Metabolism - the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. Toxicity - the quality of being toxic or poi

How devastating is the world’s largest nuclear weapon? Stephen Fry explains. #shorts SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Stephen Fry | Narrator Pindex | Script Writer Julián Gustavo Gómez | Director Ever Salazar | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.

The cat’s meow is only for humans. #shorts SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Julián Gustavo Gómez (@TheJulianGomez) | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Ever Salazar | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Barclay | Cat MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://

WE MADE A BOOK! It’s packed with the clever explanations, adorable illustrations, and quirky humor you love from MinuteEarth – all in hard-cover form! Explore science and fun facts about animals, plants, microbes and more from all over Earth (and beyond). Pre-order a copy for yourself, your kids, your grandma, your mail carrier…anyone that shares our wonderful and weird planet. DTFBA (get SUPER-cool book bundles here!): https://store.dftba.com/collections/minuteearth Amazon - http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthExplains Bookshop.org - http://bit.ly/MinuteEarthexplains Barnes and Noble - http://bit.ly/Minuteearthexplains Indigo (Canada)- http://bit.ly/MinuteearthExplains SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animat

Offset your carbon footprint with Wren! They'll protect 5 extra acres of rainforest for each of the first 100 people who sign up at https://www.wren.co/join/minuteearth. Optimal foraging theory means that turning down food is sometimes more efficient than eating it - but even then, what’s “wasted” doesn’t necessarily go to waste. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Foraging: to search widely for food. Optimal Foraging Theory: A behavioral model that describes how an animal should behave when searching for food. Surplus Killing: a common behavior exhibited by predators, in which they kill more prey than they can immediately eat and then cache or abandon the remainder. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer Kate

Watch the new season of MinuteBody - and get access to both CuriosityStream and Nebula - at https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth. Fevers are one of our best weapons against infections, but they don't work like you might think. We'd like to give a big thank you to Sharon Evans from the Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center for sharing her expertise for this video! LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Fever: a rise in body temperature, usually caused by infection Heat shock proteins (HSP): a family of proteins that are produced by cells in response to exposure to stressful conditions Neutrophils: white blood cells that play an important role in inflammation and are early responders to pathogens. T cells: major components of the adaptive immune system whose roles include regulating the immune response to pathogens. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.c

Start building your ideal daily routine 💪 The first 100 people who click on the link will get a FREE week trial and 25% OFF 🎁 Fabulous Premium ➡️ https://thefab.co/minuteearth By analyzing survivorship curves over the centuries, we can learn what’s changed about how - and when - humans die. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Life Expectancy At Birth: The average number of years a newborn in a particular group could expect to live. Mortality Rate: The frequency of occurrence of death within a particular group during a particular time period. Life Table: A table that shows the number of individuals within a group that survive from one year to the next until they are all dead. Survivorship Curve: A plot of the data in a particular life table that shows the years on the x-axis and the number or percent of survivors on the y-axis. Infant Mortality: The death of an infant before his or her first birthday. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH *********************

A new study finds that dog years don’t work like we thought they did. #shorts SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Ever Salazar | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.co

Offset your carbon footprint with Wren! They'll protect 5 extra acres of rainforest for each of the first 100 people who sign up at https://www.wren.co/join/minuteearth. It turns out that defining what is and isn't a “tree” is way harder than it seems. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Wood: A bunch of cellulose fibers intertwined with lignin usually found in the trunk of a tree. Trunk: A wooden stem that thickens over time. Bonsai: An ornamental tree or shrub that is artificially prevented from reaching its normal size. Shrub: A woody plant that is smaller than a tree. Gymnosperm: A group of plants, including conifers, that have naked seeds. Angiosperm: A group of plants, including lots of other “trees” that have enclosed seeds. Monocots: A group of flowering plants - mostly angiosperms - with a single embryonic leaf that includes palm trees. Dicots: A group of flowering plants - mostly angiosperms - with two embryonic leaves that includes oa

Watch the new season of MinuteBody - and get access to both CuriosityStream and Nebula - at https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth. We might have a strong hand because having a weak hand is actually useful. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Handedness: the tendency to use one hand more than the other for specific tasks SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Peter Reich | Script Writer Kate Yoshida | Narrator and Director Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ev

Learn more about Lydall’s mission to create a cleaner, quieter and safer world at https://www.lydall.com. The global pandemic led to a drop in outdoor air pollution, but it also led to an increase in indoor air pollution - and our exposure to it. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Particulate matter: often abbreviated PM, it is the sum of all the tiny particles and drops of liquid suspended in the air including soil, soot, dust, metals, and acids like nitrates. Air quality: a measurement of how polluted the air is, judged by the level of known pollutants in the air like NO2 and particulate matter like soot. Ozonolysis: an organic chemical reaction wherein ozone cleaves a carbon-carbon bond in unsaturated compounds. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CR

Become smarter in 5 minutes by signing up for free today: http://cen.yt/mbminuteearth - Thanks to Morning Brew for sponsoring today’s video. Because there are so many different types of penises among our evolutionary relatives, we didn’t know until a recent discovery whether they all had the same origin. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Amniote: Vertebrates whose embryos are enclosed in a thin sac. - Cloaca: A posterior orifice used for excretion and reproduction. - Cloacal Kiss: A method that penisless amniotes use to mate, which involves males and females momentarily pressing their cloacae together. - Tuatara: Reptiles endemic to New Zealand that are the only surviving members of their ancient amniote group. - Hemipenis: One of the paired copulatory organs of lizards and snakes. - Bmp4: A protein that, when present, stifles the growth of penises in chick embryos. - Convergent Evolution: The independent evolution of similar features in di

Get a limited edition MinuteEarth YETI tumbler when you become a new patron at the $6 or above tiers or upgrade an existing pledge: https://patreon.com/minuteearth Humans are the only animals known to faint due to triggers like shock, fear, or pain; this is due to a combination of our massive brains and upright stance. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: "Fight or flight": an instinctive physiological response to a threatening situation that readies animals (including humans) to either resist forcibly or escape Fainting: loss of consciousness caused by a temporary lack of oxygen to the brain, also known as “syncope.” Vasovagal syncope: a type of fainting that happens when your body overreacts to an emotional trigger like being in danger, seeing blood, or even just hearing some shocking news. Tonic immobility: an instinctive physiological response to a threatening situation that causes some animals to relax their muscles and “freeze” in place, s

Get 10% off all orders with code MINUTEEARTH now through May 31. After that, code is valid on 6" and 8.5" only. Shop now on https://bit.ly/MinuteEarthGlobes. All over the world, giant wave breaks appear because of underwater geology that supercharges their wave energy. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Amplitude - The distance between the crest and trough of a wave. Bathymetry - The measurement of depth of water in oceans, seas, or lakes. Nazaré Canyon - An undersea canyon just off the coast of Nazaré, Portugal, in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. It is the largest submarine canyon in Europe, reaching depths of about 5,000 meters (16,000 ft) deep and a length of about 230 kilometers (140 mi). Plunging Breaker - Occurs when there are rapid depth changes. The crest of the wave becomes very steep, and the rear of the wave violently plunges over the front. Reef Break - A location where waves break over a reef, often amplifying them. Spilling

To learn more about restoration action - and get involved - visit RESTOR from the Crowther Lab at https://restor.eco. Superheroes - imaginary and real - aren't all that super on their own...here's why. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: carbon sequestration: the process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide productivity: the rate of generation of biomass (and therefore carbon storage) in an ecosystem SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Kate Yoshida | Script Writer and Narrator David Goldenberg | Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Sarah Berman • Arcadi Ga

To start using Tab for a Cause, go to: http://tabforacause.org/minuteearth2 You might already know that proteins are a fundamental part of your diet, but they're much more than that. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Amino acids: are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain specific to each amino acid. - Proteins: are macromolecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Most proteins fold into unique 3D structures. The shape into which a protein naturally folds is known as its native conformation. - Alpha helix (α-helix): is a common motif in the secondary structure of proteins and is a right hand-helix conformation in which every backbone N−H group hydrogen bonds to the backbone C=O group of the amino acid located four residues earlier along the protein sequence. - Beta sheet (β-sheet): is a common motif of the regular protein secondary structure and con

Get Surfshark VPN at https://surfshark.deals/minuteearth and enter code MINUTEEARTH for 83% off and 3 extra months free! The body can get a whole lot colder - but not a whole lot hotter - before we die. Why is that? LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Hyperthermia: a medical condition where an individual's body temperature is elevated beyond normal Hypothermia: a medical doncition that occurs when an individual's body loses heat faster than it can produce heat, causing a dangerously low body temperature Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different Denaturation: the alteration of a protein shape through some form of external stress (for example, heat), so that it can no longer carry out its cellular function If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: A great article from Outside on hyperthermia: https://www.outsideonlin

Watch the music video for "The Idea" off the album Music For Scientists: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tUyT94aGmbc Null results often get a bad rap, sometimes characterized as a study "finding nothing," but there's a lot we can learn from studies whose results fail to support their hypotheses. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Null result: a result in a scientific study that doesn’t support the hypothesis Premature birth: also known as preterm birth, is a birth that occurs before the 37th week of pregnancy XENON1T: a highly sensitive experiment to search for direct interactions of dark matter particles. It’s located deep under Italy’s Gran Sasso mountain at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Juli

Go to https://bit.ly/noom_minuteearth and take your free 30-second quiz! Thank you #noom for sponsoring today’s video! In order to truly understand differences among animal lifespans, we need to stop thinking about a specific number and start thinking about a distribution. Check out the MinuteLabs interactive here: https://labs.minutelabs.io/survival-curves/ LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Life Expectancy At Birth: The average number of years a newborn in a particular group could expect to live. Life Expectancy After Babyhood: The average number of years a member of a particular group could expect to live given that they had survived their first year. Maximum Life Expectancy: The age at which the oldest known member of a particular group died. Mortality Rate: The frequency of occurrence of death within a particular group during a particular time period. Life Table: A table that shows the number of individuals within a group that survive fro

To start comparing quotes and simplify insurance-buying check out Policygenius: http://policygenius.com/minuteearth. Thanks to Policygenius for sponsoring this video! I found a really cool coronavirus illustration that led me to learn about viral attachment and entry. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Virus: a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. The study of viruses is known as virology. Virion: a complete virus particle, and consists of nucleic acid surrounded by a protective coat of protein called a capsid. Coronaviruses: a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, they cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal and include some cases of the common cold, SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2: the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the respiratory illness responsible for the COVID-19 pandemi

To make our work paw-sible, join us on Patreon at http://patreon.com/MinuteEarth! Different dogs look incredibly different - but that doesn't mean they are necessarily more diverse. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: phenotypic diversity - the range of different observable traits in a certain organism - for example, size, color, strength, and friendliness. genetic diversity - the variation in the genetic information within and among individuals of a population or species artificial selection (or selective breeding) - a process used by humans to develop new organisms with desirable characteristics SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Josh Taira | Illustration, Video Editing and Animatio

You can read Bill & Melinda Gates' 2021 letter at http://gatesnot.es/3opAPWK Certain cognitive biases cause humans to make unsafe decisions in a pandemic, making a terrible disease even worse. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Pandemic: A disease outbreak that spreads across the world. Exponential Growth: Growth that occurs when a value increases in proportion to its current value. Exponential Growth Prediction Bias: An error in prediction that occurs when people underestimate how quickly numbers rise in an exponential system. Optimism Bias: An error that occurs when people underestimate their personal likelihood of experiencing a negative event. Hyperbolic Time Discounting Bias: An error that occurs when people choose smaller rewards in the present over larger awards in the future. Reactance Psychology: An unpleasant motivational state that occurs when a freedom is threatened with elimination. Individualism: The principle of being independ

To start using Tab for a Cause, go to: http://tabforacause.org/minuteearth2 Under the right conditions, wildfires can form clouds and generate firestorms, which last far longer than normal thunderstorms. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Pyrocumulonimbus cloud - a type of cumulonimbus cloud that forms that forms above wildfires and even volcanic eruptions, which can create thunderstorms Virga - rain that evaporates before it hits the ground Updraft - upward moving air in a thunderstorm Downdraft - downward moving air in a thunderstorm SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Julián Gustavo Gómez (@TheJulianGomez) | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah Berman (@sarahjberman) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroe

Check out Terra Mater’s new video about the Skywalker Gibbon - and subscribe - at https://youtube.com/terramaterofficial. Most new species are discovered by amateurs because nowadays non-professionals are actually better suited to the requirements of new species “discovery.” LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Taxonomy: The branch of science concerned with classifying organisms Taxonomic Impediment: The gaps in our taxonomic knowledge and the shortage of trained taxonomists and curators. Amateur Taxonomist: Someone who classifies organisms but is not paid to do so. Malacology: The study of mollusks, including snails and slugs. Type Specimen: The specimen used to officially describe a new species. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* David

Thanks Thryve for sponsoring the video. Get 50% off your gut health test at https://trythryve.com/MinuteEarth For some birds, trying to cheat your neighbors into raising your babies is just as much work - and is no more successful - than doing it yourself. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Life history strategy: How organisms allocate energy usage to maximize offspring. Parental Investment: Any non-genetic contributions by parents to help their offspring survive. Brood Parasites: Organisms that rely on others to raise their young. Mafia Behavior: The practice of repeatedly visiting victims to make sure they are complying. Fecundity: The number of offspring produced by an individual over time. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron

Special Christmas Deal! Use the link https://www.privateinternetaccess.com/MinuteEarth to support our channel and get 3 years + 2 months free for $79. Just $2.08 for a MONTH! The amount of metal some special plants are able to take up from the soil would be toxic enough to an average plant to kill it several times over. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Hyperaccumulator: a plant capable of growing in metalliferous soils and to accumulate extraordinarily high amounts of heavy metals, far in excess of the levels found in the majority of species, without suffering toxic effects Phytoremediation: the treatment of pollutants or waste (as in contaminated soil or groundwater) by the use of green plants that remove, degrade, or stabilize the undesirable substances (such as toxic metals) Phytomining: the planting (and subsequent harvesting) of vegetation that will selectively concentrate specific metals from the soil into their tissues Euhalophytes:

Get 50% off your first month of any KiwiCo crate by going to http://www.kiwico.com/minuteearth50 The writers/directors at MinuteEarth got together to share some of their favorite MinuteEarth videos. 0:00 - Kate's Intro 0:54 - Why Poor Places are More Diverse | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mWVATekt4ZA 4:11 - David's Intro 4:43 - Beer & Biodiversity | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Atg-5Nqszxw 7:12 - Julián's Intro 7:37 - How We Evolved To Browse The Web | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUJqot6fY-U 10:49 - Henry's Intro 11:11 - Why is it Hot Underground? | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mOSpRzW2i_4 13:39 - Outro SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) OUR STAFF ************ Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich Peter Reich • Ever Salazar • Ka

Use the promo code "minuteearth" at https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth for 26% off an annual subscription to CuriosityStream, plus access to Nebula! There’s lots of debate as to which original starter Pokémon is the best fighter among squirtle, bulbasaur, charmander, and pikachu, but only one is the most biologically plausible. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Convergent evolution: the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: Satirical scientific article about pikachu: https://www.scq.ubc.ca/upregulated-membrane-expression-of-a-conserved-voltage-gated-sodium-channel-nav1-4a-and-electrical-organ-discharge-in-electric-mouse-p-pikachu/ SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https

To start using Tab for a Cause, go to: http://tabforacause.org/minuteearth2 Burning a marshmallow can release more energy than detonating an equal mass of TNT...so why isn't a marshmallow as dangerous? LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Chemical reaction: a process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance Exothermic reaction: a reaction that releases energy Stoichiometry: a section of chemistry that involves using relationships between reactants and/or products in a chemical reaction to determine desired quantitative data Reaction rate or rate of reaction: the speed at which a chemical reaction takes place SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah

Surprisingly, flattened fauna can teach us a lot about wildlife biology. Join us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/minuteearth Watch the behind-the-scenes talkshow with MinuteEarth staff: https://www.patreon.com/posts/watch-october-q-43801553 LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Roadkill: The remains of animals killed by motor vehicles. Road ecology: The study of how roads impact the surrounding environment and its inhabitants. Invasive species: Non-native animals that outcompete local animals for resources. Fieldwork: The collection of data outside of a laboratory setting. Confounder: A variable (like animal reaction to oncoming cars) that influences the outcome when comparing a dependent variable (like number of animals) to the outcome (number of roadkill carcasses of said animal). SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this vi

Use the promo code "minuteearth" at https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth for 26% off an annual subscription to CuriosityStream, plus access to Nebula! We've all experienced thunder, but what ARE all those claps, booms, and rumbles? LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Shock wave: a sharp change of pressure in a narrow region traveling through a medium, especially air, caused by explosion or by a body moving faster than sound SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo

Thanks to OIST for sponsoring this video. To learn more, visit https://admissions.oist.jp/ The lab-on-a-stick that lets us know if we’re pregnant is a genius bit of technology that can be used to quickly determine everything from whether there are nuts in our chocolate to whether we have COVID. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Early Pregnancy Test: A simple lateral flow assay that tests for the presence of a particular hormone in urine. Lateral Flow Assay: Simple tests in which a liquid sample is run along the surface of a pad using capillary action and colored antibodies to show a visual positive or negative result. Capillary Action: The movement of water-based liquids within small tubes due to the forces of cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension. Antibody: A blood protein produced by the immune system in response to a particular antigen. Antigen: A foreign substance which produces an immune response within the body. False positive: A res

Use the promo code "minuteearth" at https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth for 26% off an annual subscription to CuriosityStream, plus access to Nebula! Not all hardwood trees have hard wood and softwoods soft wood, because these terms denote their taxonomic ancestry, not the wood's actual hardness. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Angiosperm: a plant that has flowers and produces seeds enclosed within a carpel. Gymnosperm: a plant that has seeds unprotected by an ovary or fruit. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Julián Gustavo Gómez | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Josh Taira | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Ever Salazar | Audio Editing Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC

Use the discount code “MINUTEEARTH” to get 10% off your game of Telestrations at https://theop.games/minuteearth Here’s what happened when more than a dozen of our favorite channels got together to blindly make a video with one another. 0:00 - Intro 1:14 - Kate & Ever | MinuteEarth 1:49 - Henry | MinuteEarth | MinutePhysics https://youtube.com/MinutePhysics 2:30 - Sarah | MinuteEarth 3:11 - Arcadi | MinuteEarth | Gastrofísica https://youtube.com/tippetopphysics 3:56 - Grant | 3Blue1Brown https://youtube.com/3blue1brown 4:42 - Dianna | Physics Girl https://youtube.com/PhysicsGirl 5:22 - Osmosis https://youtube.com/Osmosis 6:03 - Tom Scott https://youtube.com/TomScottGo 6:40 - Scishow https://youtube.com/SciShow 7:17 - Mithuna | Looking Glass Universe https://youtube.com/LookingGlassUniverse 7:47 - Stephen | Welch Labs https://youtube.com/WelchLabsVideo 8:17 - Vanessa | BrainCraft https://youtube.com/BrainCraftVideo 8:48 - Patch | TierZoo https://youtube.com/TierZoo 9:21 - Jabril | Jabrils https://youtube.com

Thanks to CTBTO for sponsoring this video: https://www.ctbto.org Sounds in the ocean can travel more than 10,000 miles - that's halfway around the world! Here's how. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Refraction: the bending of a sound wave based on changes in the wave's speed SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* This video was produced by: Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich Peter Reich • Ever Salazar • Kate Yoshida OU

To start using Tab for a Cause, go to: http://tabforacause.org/minuteearth2 There’s a huge seasonal difference in death rates that is propelled by a variety of factors including pathogen behavior and anatomical response to temperature changes. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Crude Death Rate: The number of people in a population of a 1,000 who die every year. The 2020 rate for the entire world is roughly 8. If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: CGP Grey takes you through the first half of Death's day: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMNGEY8OZqo SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* This video was produced by: David Goldenberg | Script Writer Julián Gustavo Gómez | Narrator Irene Crisologo | Illustrator Ever Salazar |

Check out Brilliant (and get 20% off) here: https://brilliant.org/MinuteEarth/ Some aquarium hobbyists will pay $10,000 or more for a single shrimp because of the rarity of their colors or patterns. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Chromatophores: pigment-containing cells in the deeper layers of the skin of animals like shrimp Restricted availability theory: a commodity is available or perceived to be available only for certain individuals Reactance theory: unavailability of a commodity is perceived as a threat to an individual’s freedom to posses that commodity, making it more desirable. Scarcity heuristic: a mental shortcut that places value on items based on how easy it is to miss out on them. If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: Check out this Taiwanese news broadcast about fancy shrimp breeding: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KxjUEhryDEA SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can

Find out more about our sewers from the In Deep podcast at https://www.indeep.org. The old combined sewer systems of many major cities are no match for modern storms and impermeable surfaces. Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members. ___________________________________________ To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: Combined Sewer System: Sewers designed to collect domestic sewage and storm runoff in the same wastewater pipe. Wastewater Treatment Plant: A facility that filters and cleans wastewater before sending it into nearby waterways. Combined Sewer Overflow: When the wastewater in a combined sewer system exceeds a certain limit, it bypasses the wastewater treatment plant and goes directly into nearby waterways. Extreme Rainfall: Storms that cause the wettest days of the year in a particular geographic area. Invasive Species: Any kind of organism that gets introduced to a new environment and causes harm. Deep Tunnel Project: A $3 bi